Connected public transport systems offer the following benefits: Real-time vehicle tracking: The IoT lets authorities track the location of their vehicles. Authorities can install GPS systems on their vehicles, deliver location data to a central command center, compute accurate arrival times, and stream them to passenger mobile devices or electronic signs at transit stops. Unexpected events: Road maintenance, weather, and emergencies can affect public transportation. The IoT lets authorities re-route vehicles accordingly, and update passengers. Transit agencies can alert commuters in real-time via their mobile phones. Personalized travel information: Transit agencies can identify individual travel patterns and see which station and routes commuters prefer. Authorities can notify passengers ahead of time if a station closes or a vehicle is re-routed.

Transit Agencies: Transit agencies are responsible for planning, implementing, and managing public transportation services. They focus on improving service reliability, safety, and accessibility to meet the diverse needs of passengers while ensuring financial sustainability.

Government Authorities: Government authorities play a crucial role in regulating and funding public transportation systems. They set policies, allocate budgets, and oversee compliance with safety and accessibility standards to ensure equitable access to transportation services for all citizens.

Integrated Management Systems: Integrated management systems, such as transit operations management software and scheduling platforms, enable transit agencies to plan, monitor, and optimize service delivery across multiple modes of transportation.

Communication Networks: Robust communication networks, including Wi-Fi, cellular, and satellite systems, facilitate real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and control centers. This enables seamless coordination and communication among transit operators and passengers.

Ridership Data: Ridership data, collected through fare collection systems, passenger counts, and electronic ticketing systems, help transit agencies understand travel patterns, demand peaks, and service utilization. This data informs route planning, scheduling, and service adjustments to optimize service delivery.

Operational Data: Operational data, including vehicle location, speed, and performance metrics, enable real-time monitoring and management of transit operations. Transit agencies use this data to track service adherence, identify disruptions, and improve service reliability for passengers.

Advanced Technologies: Advanced technologies, such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, and real-time passenger information (RTPI) systems, are deployed to provide real-time insights and improve decision-making in transit operations.

Infrastructure Upgrades: Infrastructure upgrades, including bus rapid transit (BRT) lanes, transit signal priority (TSP) systems, and passenger amenities (e.g., shelters, benches, and digital displays), are implemented to enhance service reliability, comfort, and accessibility for passengers.